Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments and Discoveries of the 18th Century

In theory, scientific research, experiments, and inventions aid in a nation’s economic and social growth by boosting things like agricultural output and lowering mortality rates. Science made some ground-breaking discoveries in the 18th century that changed the way people viewed the universe. To put it another way, scientific discoveries or study and its application produced two opposing viewpoints. That is, science changed the world in addition to allowing individuals to explore their expansive imaginations. In the 18th century, applying science was a novel idea. However, its principles helped the different professionals to successfully carry out their tasks in disciplines such as medicine, agriculture, architecture, and engineering. Although the many scientific discoveries and experiments occurred in the 18th century, the ideas began in B.C. For example, Archimedes (ca. 287-212 B.C) applied the principles of geometry to construct war tools, which were useful during the invasion of Roman armies. This reveals that science concept began before 18th century since people required machines and equipment to help them work efficiently. According to Benjamin Franklin, the minister of United States to France between 1706 and 1790, science would “make things better, easier, and more efficient” (Bynum, Browne, and Porter, 2014, p. 67). In other words, the leaders encouraged people to think and invent things that would improve the lives of ordinary citizens. Conceptually, the leaders across the world realized that the world was changing fast; therefore, there was the need to motivate people by giving them grants to innovate and discover new equipment or medicines.

Some of the groundbreaking scientific discoveries, experiments, and innovation in the 18th century include air balloon, medical equipment, and drugs (smallpox vaccine, tar-water, and ambulance services), steam engine, carbon dioxide, agricultural machines (cotton gin) automata, chronometer, calculus, chromatin lens, and mercury thermometer.

Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne were the Montgolfier brothers who invented hot air balloon in June 1783 (McCloy 2015, p. 37). They tested the first balloon in Versailles with animals as the passengers. The balloon traveled an average distance of one and a half miles in ten minutes at the height of 3000 feet from the ground. However, it crashed immediately after landing. Bynum, Browne, and Porter (2014, p.142) provide that the drive behind their inventions was ”curiosity and enthusiasm around the balloon transport” system. The idea proved functional leading to the October 1783 flight in Remington. The construction of balloons continued with men as the drivers while women used their feminine talents to decorate and ornate the balloon designs. During the construction, there is the use of envelope which is a basket made from material cut into a panel. The inventors then sewed the panels along with load tapes to carry the weight of the basket. Propane stored on the pressure vessel fueled the heater. Nonetheless, the size of envelope depends on the number of people to travel in it. According to McCloy (2015, p. 61), the inventors considered factors such as air temperature, air mass, and air density when determining the lift generated. For example, at a 200C, the air density and air mass should be 1.2041 kg/m3 and 7517lb respectively to produce a lift of 0lb.

The invention of hot air balloon allowed people of different wealth status to enjoy the ride. The inventors wanted to improve the balloon experience by training women and children through a ride. Wang, Leou, and Li (2016, p. 12) assert that by 1784, making of balloon became a full-time career for Jean-Pierre Blanchard where he improved on its technology and appearance. For example, he introduced a separate cell lighter and a cone to heat the gas at night.

Hot air balloon has contributed to economic development in different countries. Riding balloons has significantly attributed to strong progress in tourism and entertainment industry. Today, many spend their leisure time riding balloons. The survey done by Middletown Ohio in 2010 revealed that on a single event held on July16th-18th in 2010, the event attracted an aggregate of 59,652 people (Wang, Leou and Li 2016, p.12). Among those in attendance were the local state at 42%, 12% from other countries and 17% from other countries. The state generated a total of $3.8 million in revenue apart from the money received by gasoline suppliers, restaurants and hotels, retail purchases, tax contributions, and cost related to the event planning.

The hot air balloon serves as a unifying point of most families, promotion of culture, and artwork (Hazen and Hazen 2014, p.132). Many women learned how to decorate the balloon to attract the visitors. As such, women drew pictures on balloons, manufactured balloon baskets, and other original materials. In fact, they used animal pictures within the environment to decorate envelopes. This promoted culture since it depicted what they value and believe. Also, most families like spending their leisure time together by experiencing the impressive view of sceneries when riding the balloon.

Benjamin Franklin is the man behind the invention of an electrical system. According to Franklin, electricity harvesting is ”possible from the lighting system” (Smith and Courter 2015, p.2608). In the year 1752, he built an experimental structure on the top of Philadelphia church. Through this first experiment, he learned that a mobile kite could provide a better result than a mobile sire. He moved forward by making a kite from handkerchief tied to two crossed sticks of a medium length. Benjamin let loose the kite by attaching it to a long string. He then tied a metal key, which was to help in conducting electricity in the middle of the line. Based on Franklin’s 18th century invention, the wire had the potential of drawing ”electric fire” from the thunder clouds, which would sequentially conduct through the apparatus and be absorbed in the key (Smith and Courter 2015, p. 2609). When he touched the key, there was an electric shock. This led to the discovery of the first lighting rod, which he used to construct a similar one to conduct electricity in his house. The same idea was applied in a battery invention.

Sir William Herschel from the city of Hanover in Germany discovered infrared light in 1800. Cooray (2015, p. 167) asserts that the discovery of infrared light was because of the experiment Herschel conducted trying to investigate on the ”temperature of the colors of the spectrum” produced by sunlight through a prism. For the experiment’s success, he used thermometer blacked out bulbs to absorb light better. One bulb was directly in the color while the other two acted as control experiments placed behind the spectrum. Cooray (2015, p. 168) further provide that his result was positive since the temperature of the thermometer placed on the color rose, and the temperature even increased from violet to red. In fact, the temperature beyond the red part was even greater from the presence of the rays. In this regard, he did more experiments and discovered more on the absorption, transmission, reflection, and refraction of the infrared light.

The significance of lightning rod also known as lightning conductor in today’s life has a function of absorbing the electric rays from the top of tall buildings and ships. According to Miller (2015, p.75), lightning rod diverts the rays from the thunder to the thick copper strip running to the ground as a measure to protect the building. This is possible from the fact that the base of the clouds has a negative charge while the rod is positive with its lower end earthed. When lightening hits, the rod forms a low resistance path for the discharge leaving the building unarmed.

The infrared rays are applicable in the stabilization of high blood pressure by improving and stabilizing blood circulation. In fact, this helps in controlling pain in the muscles for those suffering from bronchitis and asthmatic disorders. The infrared rays stop colds, fatigue, inflammations of the ear, and reduce exhaustion of the human body (Smith and Courter 2015, p. 2610).The infrared rays also improve the functioning level of the kidney and help in stress control. The medical areas apply the technology in many sectors and procedures such as the reduction of cellulite and fat digestion. Cooray (2015, p. 67) asserts that the development of the infrared rays has helped in ”maintaining good health” for everybody worldwide since they doctors use it to carry out some medical operation.

James Watt, a Scottish instrument maker, invented steam engine in the year 1765 (Ewing 2013, p.145). The invention idea came because of the waste of stem in the model of Newcomen steam engine. He found out during the experiment that behind steam wastage in the project, there was a loss of latent heat. He thought of using a separate condenser and sealed cylinder for the steam. In fact, the idea of separating condenser enabled the cooling vessel and the hot cylinder to maintain the required temperature at the same.Maule (2015) asserts that, in 1768, Watt collaborated with John Roebuck to make the engine good in the preservation of steam (p.45). Some of the improvements they made include the introduction of a centrifugal governor that controlled the engine speed and the level of steam output. The engine was able to multitask by allowing steam to enter alternatively on both sides of the piston. In fact, the ability to multitask fastened the engines speed, which assisted companies to reduce wastage. They attached a flywheel to the engine to facilitate movement.

The existing high-pressure steam engine is significant in different sectors of most industries. Ewing (2013) affirms that power from engine steam has multiple functionality stages and drives a generator at a rotation speed of 18,000 r.p.m to produce an average of 7.5Kw in a few minutes for those in the 1990s (p.201). Today, industries are using two types of steam engine, which include reaction and impulse turbine. Both the turbines are designed to control direction, speed, and pressure. Their conversion of mechanical to electrical efficiency can be as high as 99% efficient.

The engines facilitate condensation and cooling process in the industries. The engines can condense steam to water. Through this process, the steam’s volume reduces to zero thus reducing the pressure back to vacuum status (McCloy 2015, p. 154). The water vapor often seen in the industries is the cooling water and not the working fluid. Nonetheless, the steam energy works as a heat engine where there is demand. The heat energy changes into mechanical through alternating vaporization and condensation to a working fluid in a process commonly known as Rankine cycle. Miller (2015) argues that the high ”energy rotates rotor blades due to the expansion of vapor” as temperature drops, thus improve the engine speed (81).

Joseph Black discovered carbon-dioxide in the 1750s. He did studies and carried experiments on burning of charcoal. However, the experiments that lead to the real discovery involved the burning of limestone. The air produced was dense and could not support life or flames; he called the gas ”fixed air.” (Liu et al. 2015, p. 3635). The gas had a room temperature of 20-250C, was odorless, colorless and faintly acidic. Joseph concluded the gas being produced was carbon dioxide. He also realized that the same gas was produced through the process of respiration in animals.

Today, it is possible to produce carbon dioxide in large scale using industrial processes. Da Silva, Gouveia and Reis (2014, p. 1045) poised that carbon dioxide is used for making bread bubbled. That is, the yeast produces carbon dioxide through the fermentation process, thus helps the bakers create breads and cakes, which is porous and tasty after passing through the heating process.

Carbon dioxide is also applicable in some healing processes. The doctors mix a small percentage of the gas to purify oxygen for stimulation during the breathing process after apnea. In fact, it helps to stabilize the oxygen and carbon dioxide ratio in the blood system.

The carbon dioxide gas enhances the production of oil from older wells. According to Hazen and Hazen (2014), the appropriate ratio injected into the underground formations reduces the viscosity of the oil (p.102). This is possible because it can readily dissolve in the oil. As such, it makes it easy to drill and extract oil from the well. However, the level of carbon dioxide that dissolves in the oil depends on the type of petroleum used.

Fire extinguishers also incorporate carbon dioxide in its formation. Air with carbon dioxide content of more than 10% has the ability to extinguish an open flame. In fact, the carbon dioxide gas is 1.5 times heavier ”making it a working material for the fire extinguishing” process (Liu et al. 2015, p. 3637). The fire extinguishers production in large scale and distributed worldwide to cope with fires which might destroy investments and vegetation.

Preservation of cold drinks is another use of carbon dioxide. The characteristic of carbon dioxide that makes it useful for maintenance is that it dissolves easily in drinks such sodas. Carbon dioxide undergoes reaction with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates the water particles. The acid content makes the drink tastes, sweet, and quite smooth.

The groundbreaking scientific invention, discoveries, and experiment in agriculture in the 18th century include cotton gin, seed drill, and crop rotation. In 1783, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. The machine consisted of wood or flat piece of a stone roller. Whitney (2013, p. 59) argues that the fact that cotton gin was among the first invention in agriculture, ”it was assigned patent number 72X” (59). Eli Whitney made the machine by wooden cylinder encompassed by rows of slender spikes. The spikes had the ability to pull the lint through a comb-like grid. The device was capable of cleaning 23kg of lint a day. This reveals that it required technological improvement to become efficient. According to Mantoux (2013), Eli’s cotton gin managed to ”pull out seeds from the cotton ball” (254). The process was possible when the farmer put the cotton balls on upper side of the machine, turning the hurdle by allowing the cotton to rotate between the wire teeth that select the seeds, and finally the machine pull the cotton out.

The seed drill was another discovery in agriculture. Jethro Tull invented the seed drill in 1733. He was agriculturalist who passed difficulties during seed planting. The farmers sowed seeds manually through the hand. The machine had a feeding spout where the producers would put seeds. In contained harrow pinned to the beam. McCloy (2015, p.150) assert that the seed drill parts allowed the plotting seeds in an aligned manner and covered them with soil. The method was fast and helped most farmers.

The ideology of crop rotation was among the 18th-century inventions by Charles Townshend. He introduced the vast style of a plantation where vegetation was widespread. He carried the experiment on the idea by dividing the field into four different crops; the first field had wheat, second with clover, third had oats while the fourth had turnips. In his experiments, the ”turnips functioned as fodder” to many animals during winter (Lehmann and Joseph 2015, p. 200). The grain helped to feed livestock as well as inducing fertility through the natural ability to replace nutrients into the soil. Either animals could feed on the stalks directly, or the fodder through human transport reached the homesteads.

The experiment on crop rotation helps mitigate pests. According to McDaniel, Tiemann, and Grandy (2014, p.565), ddifferent pests attack plants; therefore, ”to eliminate their source of food”, it is important to practice crop rotation. In other words, the diversification of cropping sequences takes away the host organisms and causes the disruption of the normal life cycle of the present insects and even weeds. An example is the separation of anthracnose and nematodes if the farmer practices crop rotation.

The crop rotation technique also improves the soil structure. When farmers practice crop rotation annually, or after some months, they plant different root structures in the ground. Either many plants have tap roots or fibrous, thus the change in the root structure enhances the physical, chemical, and biological structure of the soil. The developed and well-aired soil structure ”creates several macrospores and enables new root growth” for the next plantation (Plaza-Bonilla et al. 2016, p.34). The harvest will be better since the organic matter and nutrients increase in the process. Based on the Agricultural Research and Education Organization recommendations, crop rotation is a better and friendlier way than using chemical fertilizers for the development of the soil structures (McDaniel, Tiemann, and Grandy 2014, p.565).

The seed drill is equally important to the today’s agricultural sector. It helps the farmers sow seeds at an appropriate depth preventing them from predators like birds and other animals. Plaza-Bonilla et al. (2016, p.38) assert that seeds planted in inappropriate depth may not germinate, but the ”seed drill provides a solution to the problem” through digging. Besides, to correct depth plantation, the seed drill sows seeds in proper rows resulting in steady growth hence reducing overcrowding. Crops that are well spaced has sufficient nutrients and receive sunlight equally. In fact, they germinate faster and usually yield quality and quantity produce to the farmer. The machine is also fast in planting since it does not waste any seeds in the process.

The availability of cotton gin increased the cotton picking rate making it more accessible to its consumers. McCloy (2015, p.150) asserts that the efficiency of the machine has enabled the surplus harvest to go for export. The price of cotton reduced in the international market since the producers spend less in intensive labor.

Jacques de Vaucanson invented the first automaton to exist as a duck made in 1740. It was a duck placed on a podium. The duck’s body was made of gold-plated copper, its intestines were rubber, and it worked like ”a life force with weights and power like the earlier made clocks” (Berleur et al. 2016, p.60). The duck had the ability to rise from the podium, flap its wings, stretch out its long neck, and nibble then swallow a handful of grains. Vaucanson had devised a machine that served food on the table before but the bird was more outstanding since it used their original parts. The bird was a philosophical toy though it raised questions about the nature of life itself. It was the greatest masterpiece of mechanics that humankind had ever created.

Automaton is essential in today’s life since it’s the idea behind the formation of computers. The regular patterns described by finite automata are evident in the way machines work. This is evident in the structure of the programming of languages and the rules for reasoning about most of its programs. Berleur et al. (2016, p.60) affirm that the study of the automata patterns shaped today’s computing theory, providing the theorems, techniques, and paradigm in the modern computer system.

The robot, which is a result of automata, does many things in developed countries. They play economic roles like working as barbers and teachers in the US. The robot scans the customer’s head, determine the exact shape, shampoo it, and then its 24 robotic fingers do the washing. For example, robots are available at Super Hair Salon in Nishinomiya, Japan. This reduces the number of employed staff, which in turn reduces operation cost.

Most of the products from the application of automata have the ability to assemble things and help in the industrial production. For example, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology conducted research to develop automated structures that have the potential to follow programmed orders for delicate tasks such as assembling buildings (Maule 2015, p.134). In fact, they even shift blocks and place them precisely so that they do not crash into each other in the building process. Accumulatively, the automata machines increase production rates and quality. Moreover, they are efficient and trustable with most materials since they improve the working safety.

The automata idea helps in the manufacturing process by reducing workload. That is, there are flexibility and convertibility of machines using human-like ideas. As such, there is no wastage, reduce both factory lead times and production costs. This assists the company to increase profits margins. Bynum, Browne, and Porter (2014, p. 133) argue that automata machines have the option of changing production from product A to product B “without having to replace the manufacturing system entirely” because most of the machines have the ability to take instructions.

Bartolomeo Cristofori from Padua in the 1700s invented piano. He was very familiar with the stringed keyboard instruments from his career as the keeper of instruments. In the piano, he first made the random keys, which included the natural back keys and white. Lancaster (2015, p. 254) argues that Cristofori invented the piano because of he wanted to ”improve the clavier and harpsichord.” Although in the 18th century, the keyboard players realized that harpsichord was loud, they lacked the method of controlling its dynamics. The person playing the instrument had low morale power to each note, and thus made it hard to include emotions to rhythm. The Clavier, however, contained a particular level of dynamics such as quietness. The new invention of the piano provided a combination of the loud sound of a harpsichord and the momentum of the clavichord to make the sound integration better (Lancaster 2015, p. 260). From then, a person was able to control the loudness and incorporate their feeling in music. The inventor of the piano paved the way for other inventors who have improved his original idea using different approaches.

The piano is the primary source of entertainment in the music sector as it can allow the musician to express their feelings. The piano is unique since it comprises of wooden lever keys, which makes different sounds when pressed. The process of generating the sounds involves the pressing of the key, which hit the hammer and strings from within. When the hammer presses against the piano strings, the music note is the result of it.

Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit invented the mercury thermometer in 1714. He discovered mercury thermometer when he was working in Holland as a glass-blower and instrument maker. According to Gavilán-García et al. (2015, p.120), the invention was a result of improving the alcohol thermometer invented before mercury thermometer. The alcohol thermometer had no ability to expand at a regular speed. He did an experiment with two alcohol thermometers and one thermometer containing mercury. Gavilán-García et al. (2015, p.124) affirm that Fahrenheit discovered that mercury expanded about seven times the level of alcohol in the same temperature. In fact, the expansion of mercury was even more regular. As such, he constructed the first standardized mercury thermometer.

The mercury thermometer has many uses ranging from the fever thermometers, which are made of glass with silvery white mercury inside. They exist in the households, schools and medical facilities since they help to measure a person’s temperature. The body thermometers are divided into two depending on their function. The baby thermometer containing 0.61 grams of mercury, which is lighter, compared to the basal temperature thermometer containing about 2.25 grams of mercury. The industries are using mercury thermometer to measure the heating and cooling equipment. For example, production managers use it in bakeries and candy making to ensure that the temperature is okay to prevent damage.

The discovery of the mercury thermometer has also helped in the invention of the six’s thermometer consisting of a u-shaped glass tube which has temperature scales set to take the measure the coldness or hotness of the body. Maule (2015, p.143) provide that the purpose of six’s thermo meter is to measure the maximum and minimum temperature at the same time. The instrument uses alcohol and mercury co-currently. Meteorological and horticulture stations are the two places where the six’s thermometer is found to measure day’s temperature. The result helps the stations to focus on weather and gauge their next plantation periods.

John Harrison discovered the clock machine in 1735. The British government wanted a machine that could tell time while in the ocean since the first European voyages made it relevant for ships to keep time. The use of stars to reveal latitude was not so accurate since the weather change affected its functionality. This led to the appetizing announcement by the British government of awarding the inventor of ”the similar purpose machine with 20,000 dollars prize” (Cantiello and Di Martino 2014, p. 228). The first chronometer weighed 72 pounds and was three feet in all dimensions. John replaced his first chronometer with a more improved model.

The chronometer still maintains the role it had in the 18th century. Ships and boats commonly use the chronometers to help them during navigating. The present one is more accurate and time standardized. In fact, it incorporates a decent escarpment, the temperature compensated balance, and the isochronous balance spring (Maule 2015, p.210). Today, the chronometer is still a requirement for most of the marine certifications. With the development of technology, the modern chronometers can be inbuilt in quartz clocks and wrist watches.

Joseph-Louis Lagrange discovered the application of calculus through the experiment he did in 1755. He sent a letter to Euler discussing on the ways through which mathematicians could solve equations such as Euler’s equation. Joseph-Louis continued with experiments in 1760 where he studied volumes and surface areas. For example, he came up with a formula for finding the surface area that he gave asz=f(x, y) and dz=Pdx+Qdy. Henle and Kleinberg (2014, p.213) assert that Lagrange affirmed that the ”double integral signs indicate that the two integrations” function when handled at the same time. The math solved many related problems with the capability of finding missing values in most mathematical challenges and equations.

Calculus has proved relevant in today’s mathematics and drawing of projects by engineers. The formula for finding the area between curves use the formula f(x) =2+2 cos x. This helps the engineers to determine how to locate road corners. Also, through calculus, it is easy to find the areas defined by polar graphs, arc length, the average value of rectilinear motion and different mathematical function. In the aspect of rectilinear motion, the calculus issue solves problems about motion along a line using the power of integral calculus (Henle and Kleinberg 2014, p.214). An example is a problem where a person is given the velocity of a particle as a function of time v (t) and you are expected to find how much the particle has traveled over a particular time of period.

The concept of calculus helps in building furniture and other machines. Any contractor uses math in collecting and creating tools (Henle and Kleinberg 2014, p.156). For example, in a building, they figure the exact amount of concrete by measuring lengths, widths, angles, and calculating surfaces. With the best calculus calculations, the projects are improved and perfected. Travelers also use the same mathematics idea. That is, a person can calculate the bearing they are taking and the fuel usage in long distance. This helps to prevent the fuel shortage and unwanted air crash.

John Donald invented chromatic lens in 1758. John used to make optics as well as astronomical instruments when he invented achromatic refracting telescope. A divided lens used in the machine measured the sun’s diameter and angles existing between the celestial bodies. He did the experiment by bringing ”two wavelengths into focus in the same plane” (Lehmann and Joseph 2015, p. 190). The common type of lens that John produced is the Achromatic Doublet. He used flint glass due to its high dispersion ability and the crown glass able to make a convex medium. In John’s experiment, he mounted the lens next to each other and they chromatic aberration as a counter balance of each other.

The chromatic lens helps in polychromatic imaging. This is possible since it has a far superior lens for ”multi-color imaging” used in polychromatic imaging (Reshidko and Sasian 2015, p.E218). The elements of a chromatic lens are paired together to help in correcting the color separation inherent in a glass. This is because chromatic lens can eliminate the problematic chromatic aberrations for good polychromatic illumination and imaging.

The chromatic lens helps when correcting spherical aberration and on axis coma. The chromatic lens has greater scientific improvement than the simple glass. In other words, it has the ability of continuously provide smaller spot sizes and excellence images without decreasing the apparent aperture. The chromatic lens with a double convex lens breaks up the white light to a prism, which allows the blue rays to focus closer than red. According to Reshidko and Sasian (2015, p. E218), the Spherical Aberration varies with the distance and is less for a small aperture. Therefore, with this technique of clear light focusing the chromatic lens, it is east to carry out tasks like correcting on-axis coma even today.

The medical experiments and discoveries in the 18th century include smallpox, tar-water, ambulance service, and stethoscope. Rene Laennec a native from Brittany invention a stethoscope in 1781which was a huge improvement in the medical sector. He was inspired by the diagnosis of different chest conditions. He made a hollow cylinder stick of 25 cm by 25 cm and refined it to contain three detachable parts. Later, he improved it to have funnel cavity shape to augment sound. He was able to correlate the sound captured by the instrument concerning the specific pathological changes in a patient’s chest. He named the instrument a mediate auscultation. However, he later called it stethoscope. According to Tomos et al. (2016, p.1669), many doctors refused to use it since they were not sure whether it would give them the right chest beat.

Smallpox vaccinations were among the scientific experiment in the medical sectors during the 18th century. Edward Jenner, an English doctor, did was the man behind the idea in 1796. According to Jenson, Ghim, and Sundberg (2016, p.179), the discovery was possible with his realization that milkmaids who suffered from smallpox were immune to the disease. He tried the experiment on the first human being by introducing some cowpox matter into his body. As a result, the person never suffered from the disease. He concluded that it was possible to prevent the disease using the cowpox elements.

George Berkeley also invented a better solution of treating several diseases using ”tar-water” which comprises of tar or resin extracted from pine trees in the 18th century. Tar-water was able to treat ulcerations also known as distemper and appetite improvement. Besides, the Chinese used the ideas to invent some chemical composition commonly referred to as ”Chinese Stones” to the locals (Maciocia 2015, p. 37). The chemical had the ability to ”cure venom bytes of animals like rattlesnakes”, scorpions,

and man dogs.

A Frenchman Dominique-Jean Larry was the first to create an ambulance service in 1792 (Welhausen 2015, p. 261). The ambulance was solemnly for ferrying wounded men to the places they could receive treatment. Through the ambulance service, he treated the war casualties based on the seriousness and the urgency of their injuries.

The medical experiments and discoveries enhanced developments in the medical sector. Vaccines have the ability to prevent the occurrence of diseases by making people immune to a disease-causing organism. Children who go through vaccination get protection and grow up healthy. From the smallpox discovery, treatment for polio and tetanus is also present. This saves families a lot of money that could have otherwise been used i