Erickson’s Developmental Stage

Erickson’s Stage of Development: Autonomy vs. Doubt

Erickson’s Developmental Stages: Preschool V. Guilt School-Aged Erickson’s Developmental Stages: Industry V. Inferiority

Health Perception and Management Pattern:

Give two normal assessment findings that are typical for each age group.

In each age category, list two potential concerns that a nurse may identify during an assessment.

For improved health, relies on parental advice and observation.

Only participate in healthful activities as directed by your parents.

Small injuries incite rage.

Pain and disease are viewed as a sort of retribution.

Are aware of the functions of the body’s external parts.

Have an amorphous view of health.

Inadequate access to health care due to caregiver health perception.

Acquired illness due to exposure to pathogens and hazardous environmental contents.

Fail to brush their teeth.

Inappropriate selection of clothing’s that corresponds with certain weather conditions.

Lacks an understanding of the effects of pathogens.

Develops cavities due to eating sugars and failure to brush their teeth.

Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern:

List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group.

List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.

Feeds on different types of healthy foods using nutritional tools.

Are in the weaning process.

Takes about 1.5 servings of fruits and/or vegetables daily

Approximately 23 grams of fiber per day.

Abstract perception regarding calories.

Could still be choosy on eating vegetables.

Swallowing food could be a problem.

Nutrient (iron) deficiency.

High intake of sugar as well as salt.

Allergy to certain foods.

Risks being obese, anemic or diabetic

Inadequate access to healthy foods.

Pattern of Elimination:

List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group.

List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.

Begins training on toilet use.

Development of the ability to have a dipper dries for two hours.

Goes to the toilet without caregiver’s assistance.

Forgets to wash hands or flush the toilet.

Have control of bladder as well as bowel.

Enuresis for school-aged under six years.

Failure to talk voiding sensation.

Failure to walk as well as grab objects.

Problem of bedwetting.

Encopresis.

Daytime wetting.

Total incontinence.

Pattern of Activity and Exercise:

List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group.

List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.

A toddler acquires skills through repetitive imitation of activities.

Toddlers are expected to show progression in development as in from the learning to balance to walking, and finally running.

Expected to be active at role playing and develops creativity.

Should be able to play with other children and interact more with them.

A school aged child is expected to be active and very physical.

Changes in motor skills and sensory reactions occur rapidly to enable them participate in the physical activities.

A toddler may be used indoor activities hence has no interest in the outside activities.

Incidences of unintentional injuries as well as drowning might occur following exposure to external environment.

Pre-school age children who continue to play alone may develop social problems such as low self-esteem.

Failure to learn to control personal emotions such as anger maybe transferred to adulthood.

A child at this stage if allowed to primarily interact with technology in the form of video games in addition to poor eating habits might become obese.

Putting pressure on the child by a parent or a coach to like a given activity or sport at this stage could lead to psychological as well as social challenges..

Cognitive/Perceptual Pattern:

List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group.

List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.

Toddlers become aware of objects around them, learn their uses as well how to apply them.

A toddler develops a mastery of his or her surrounding and become conversant with objects and people around.

At this stage of development, the child transits from playing using dolls or cars to relating with real life situations.

Become conversant with their mother tongue, communicates and ask questions about what they see and observe to facilitate their learning.

A child at this stage starts to relate with other people around them and try to understand their emotions.

Develops perceptual ability to differentiate right from wrong and become a little cognitive of moral ethics.

Following the developmental as well as physical changes, children at this stage are at risk of getting injured.

Inadequate information about a child development in reference to parents might result in developmental challenges if the parents misinterpret a child’s actions and responses. For example, some children would be aggressive to talk while others would not.

A child at this stage based on the very many things they need to learn might suffer memory relapse.

Speaking in a language that one easily understand becomes a problem since the child is on the process of learning to construct complete sentences.

At this stage, the child might experience difficulties in reading and writing which are quite normal. However, some cases might be due to learning disabilities and should be responded to in time.

Difficulties in reading or writing might be perceived negatively in a child’s view, thus, could develop phobia to school.

Pattern of Sleep and Rest:

List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group.

List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.

At this stage of development, a toddler only needs about 12 hours of sleep with approximately 1 to 2 naps daily.

Routines are necessary to signal bedtime for a child. For example bathing after eating then singing a lullaby.

A pre-school aged child with time experiences less urge for naps and that sleep time during the night reduces to 8-12 hours.

Require a transition activity to sleep. For example, reading a story book to move the child from play mode to sleep mode.

Children at this stage do not have naps during the day since they are okay with the 8-12 hours of sleep during the night.

Sleeping might become hard and needs to be changed.

Inability to sleep during the night and having the recommended naps per day could result in health problem such as insomnia.

On the other hand, oversleeping cuts into the day time opportunities to learn new things hence the child might not learn certain things within the stipulated time of development.

Nightmares are common at this stage, thus, caregivers are needs to be there for comfort.

Lack of sleep means missed opportunity to remain active and learn during the day.

Sleep walks and talks are observed to be common at this stage and reduces sleep time.

Caregivers to ensure that children are sleeping in safe and secure places since there are higher chances of getting injuries as result of sleep walks.

Pattern of Self-Perception and Self-Concept:

List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group.

List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment .of each age group.

A toddler’s thoughts are majorly of what they see as well as hear.

It is observed that a toddler should be able to eat, walk, as well as talk independently.

Social support and acceptance are imperative for pre-school child success.

Begin to dress them in order to develop tastes and preferences.

Every child at this stage needs to have higher self-esteem.

Competition among children arises due to the need to master and perform the learned activities.

In ability to respond to calling of names as well as poor hearing could be signs of sensory problems.

A toddler develops a sense of power and throws objects whenever their caregivers fail to respond positively to their needs. This is dangerous and should be watched since they could be carrying objects that could injure them.

It is at this stage that a child develops guilt or become embarrassed of their actions.

Criticism demoralizes a child at this stage to engage in certain activities since they become sensitive to critics.

A child at this stage might have bad hygiene yet cares less about it.

Those with disabilities begin to care about what others think of them, in which case, negative remarks lower their self-esteem.

Role-Relationship Pattern:

List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group.

List 2 potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.

A toddler is scared of strangers and people they do not often see.

A toddler develops the behavior of liking what caregivers do.

A pre-school child at this stage shows their love and care for those often close to them.

At this stage, a child understands their gender difference and views them in aspects of work.

School-aged children start making friends, albeit family and those closest to them are a priority. For example, home is the safest place they know.

At this age, children understand their position in terms of roles and become more responsible with responsibilities given to them.

A toddler grows fond of the caregivers and would tend to cry a lot if left with people they are not used to. For example, a toddler used to the mother would cry much id left with the father.

A frustrated toddler might trigger conflicts in the event that the mother finds him or her crying excessively when left with a house help.

A child of this age might learn grow and learn from older people, hence would not in and interact with children of same age.

In cases where a pre-school child like to play a lone, a parent must ensure that the child only does so because he or she think differently from others and that there are no abnormalities.

Inability to control a child’s behavior at this developmental stage might present challenges at later stages of life such as adolescents.

Spending more time with friends and not family members could be a sign of displeasure.

Sexuality – Reproductive Pattern:

List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group.

List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.

A toddler often plays with their genitals as process to self-discovery.

Curiosity leads to touching and playing with genitals when dippers are changed.

Pre-school child at this stage understand the difference between one gender and another.

Curiosity is developed in regards to need to know and understand the opposite gender.

School-age children are curious about sex. Nothing is wrong about this except that parents and teachers should adequately inform them.

Changes in body development such as pubic hair and breast might happen at this stage.

A toddler risks being exposed to caregivers unhealthy values.

When a toddler cries intensely during dipper change, there could be an health issue that need immediate attention.

At this stage, a child who plays with a toy incorrectly needs adequate information regarding the expected socio-sexual behaviors.

Due to curiosity of self-discovery, parents should be there to offer adequate information about the asked questions. Insufficient explanations broaden the curiosity.

It becomes difficult to identify homosexuals at this stage since their change in behavior and involvement in opposite activities could be misinterpreted.

Some could begin to wear very revealing clothes to gain sexual attention hence it upon the parent to properly educate the child about proper clothing’s.

Pattern of Coping and Stress Tolerance:

List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group.

List wo potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.

Temperament enables the toddler to cope with any situation.

Due to fear, a toddler holds on tightly to the parent or throws object in hand if frustrated.

Sense of security develops through playing with toys.

A child through the help of a parent learn to organize what they love doing in respect to the environment.

A school aged child should be able to deal with stress. For example, find a way through the help of a teacher to overcome stress caused by difficulty to read or write.

Actions express their feelings. However, parents should frequently communicate with them to assist them.

Less temperament is unchecked at this early stage might cause serious problems in early adulthood.

Parents perceive a child’s disobedience as their failure or poor parenting skills.

Aggressive attitude is a sign of finding no need to follow the parent’s instructions.

Day dreaming is common, albeit should be checked since it could lead to preventable accidents.

Psychological problems might develop due pressure to get homework done correctly, completion with fellows in class as well as family issues.

At this stage, losing all of either of the parents is devastating and could result into social-psychological problems hence poor performance in school.

Pattern of Value and Beliefs:

List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group.

List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.

Children at this age need positive feedback from parents.

They primarily learn differentiating right from wrong at home.

Pre-school children learn to act as well as control personal emotions.

Parents are their role models from whom they learn many things.

Self-of belonging starts to be influenced by cultural identity and family beliefs.

Already know right from wrong and can choose what is morally expected.

Since a child at this stage does negative things to get a attention, parents should reward appropriate actions to encourage good behaviors.

It becomes a problem when parents only get to talk the their children when they notice extreme and inappropriate behaviors.

Begins to act out in public individually hence actions should be regularly checked.

Watching programs not recommended for then as well as hearing negative things from friends could negatively impact their overall actions.

A school aged child due to cultural influence might start judging others.

Some might not respect others hence loose the opportunity to learn to respect themselves.

Short Answer Questions

Address the following based on the above assessment findings. Expected answers will be 1-2 paragraphs in length. Cite and reference outside sources used.

Compare and contrast identified similarities as well as differences in expected assessment across the childhood age groups.

In all the three stages of development, a child faces different challenges. The people and the environment have a great influence in what a child learns and who he or she becomes. In contrast, each stage as informed by Forbes and Watt (2015), shows a change in character and behavior as the learning process progresses and the child gets exposed to more opportunities to learn.

Summarize how a nurse would handle physical assessments, examinations, education, and communication differently with children versus adults. Consider spirituality and cultural differences in your answer.

When a nurse is conducting physical assessment, examine, educate, and communicating with a child in any of the developmental stages, it should be done in the presence of the parent. A child believes that when a parent agrees, then all is right and all will be well. A parent is the primary moral and spiritual teacher to a child; hence what they approve should be right. In short, a nurse should take care of both the child and the parent. On the other hand, when taking care of an adult, a nurse according to Edelman, Mandle, and Kudzma (2013) should be informed that certain cultural practices and beliefs are against certain forms of medication hence should communicate and informed the adult about the importance of the recommended medication as possible.

References

Edelman, C. L., Mandle, C. L., & Kudzma, E. C. (2013). Health Promotion Throughout the Life Span-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Forbes, H., & Watt, E. (2015). Jarvis’s Physical Examination and Health Assessment. Elsevier Health Sciences.